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I was working hard, said the South Beloit driver. Sometimes I would overdrive it so I could get out front (of the lapped cars). But the crew kept me slowing down into the corners so I didnt tear the car up or wreck.
Matt Byrne ran second for the final 75 laps but was only able to close within a couple of car lengths in the final stages when Bilderback encountered heavy traffic.
Before I saw the lap traffic, I didnt think I had a chance, Byrne said. Once I did, I pushed it pretty hard, almost spinning out to try to catch him.
Jeremy Miller, the defending series champ and third-place finisher Sunday, said he didnt have enough left to catch Bilderback or Byrne in the last laps.
I burned everything up by the time I got to where I was at, he said, and that was about as good as we had.
But we finished third, and when the car is in one piece coming out of Rockford, youre happy.
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Matt Berger was fourth and Bob Wilberg fifth. Wilberg set a track record for the series during qualifying with a 13.706-second lap.
Ross Kenseth, the 14-year-old son of NASCAR driver Matt Kenseth, was third-fastest qualifier but left the race after one lap because of a rear-end leak and didnt return.
After racing Saturday night in Phoenix, Matt flew into Rockford on Sunday morning to watch his son compete.
Lyle Nowak of Wausau, Wis., won the wreck-filled, 50-lap Mid-American feature. He led the final 12 laps, finishing just ahead of Scott Null, James Swan, Kyle Shear and Daryl Gerke.
Don Wood was cruising toward the victory after he grabbed the lead on lap 13. He stayed there until a restart with 12 laps left when he lost his brakes in turn one, hit the wall hard, flew high into the billboards, and took out a 15-foot section of the signs.
I feel sorry for Don Wood because he had a pretty fast car, Nowak said. He should have won that today. Its too bad that he crashed.
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FOOTBALL. The game of football, as played in the United States, is a sport much different from its two ancestors, soccer and rugby. Football is a game in which two teams of 11 players each try to move a ball, by running with it or passing it, across the other team's goal. The game has distinct English roots. Its oldest forerunner is soccer, which is called association football in England and in most other parts of the world. Soccer is based on the use of the feet--and sometimes the head, legs, and chest--to control the ball. Except for the goalkeeper, players are prohibited from touching the ball with their hands (see Soccer).
Various games resembling soccer have been played for more than 2,000 years, probably starting in China, but the modern game developed in England. Rugby developed from soccer in England in the 1820s, and it is from rugby that the American brand of football evolved. Running with the ball in hand, throwing it, and kicking it are allowed in both rugby and football, but forward passing, or throwing the ball toward an opponent's goal, is not permitted in rugby. Strategies based on the running of set plays are an important part of football, but are not featured in rugby.
The principal type of football is tackle football, in which one or more defensive players attempt to bring the ballcarrier down to the ground by tackling. Two popular variations of the game, touch football and flag football, do not involve so much roughness. In touch football, the player with the ball is "tackled" simply by being touched by an opponent. Some teams play one-hand touch football and others play a two-handed version. In flag football, all the players wear belts with plastic or cloth flags, or streamers, attached. The ballcarrier is considered stopped when an opponent grabs one of his flags. Flag football is somewhat more challenging than touch football and less open to disagreements about "tackling."
Tackle football is played in high school and college leagues and on the professional level. It is also played in numerous youth leagues by players who have not yet reached high school. Touch and flag football are popular intramural sports and are also played by many adult teams and leagues.
Levels of Competition
On each level of football, from youth through professional, the game becomes more involved and the intensity of the competition increases. Each level has groupings of teams into leagues, and an effort is made to keep the teams as equal in ability as possible.
High school football. Most states have various levels of football competition in their high schools so that schools with similar numbers of students compete only against one another. For example, Texas has five levels of high school football competition, each with its own state championship.
College football. The schools in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are grouped into three divisions. Division I, which includes the major football powers, is further divided into two levels--I-A and I-AA. Most schools that meet Division I-A criteria belong to a conference made up of eight to ten teams. Major I-A schools that are not in a conference are called independents.
As part of the intercollegiate reform movement to achieve a balance between athletics and academics, the independents may play a large role in a sweeping realignment of the conferences. Other objectives of realignment are the buildup of other team sports through new affiliations and the chance for more teams to share in lucrative TV contracts. The Metro Conference, which competes in NCAA basketball, has considered expansion into football with a Division I-A independent. A new Big East league made up wholly of independents is also under consideration. Thus, though Miami already has a strong football program, its NCAA basketball team can benefit from affiliation with a conference--either the existing Southeast or an expanded Metro, or even a newly established Eastern. In June 1990 Penn State was the first of the independents to make an official move: despite its distant location from the Midwest, it was admitted to the Big Ten for mid-1990s action. The 11-member Big Ten conference decided to keep its name, and there was some discussion of further expansion.
Below the Division I-A level of college football are Divisions I-AA, II, and III. Division I-AA members are slightly below I-A colleges in size and the number of scholarships awarded. Schools in Division II grant a minimum number of athletic scholarships, and institutions on the Division III level do not award any.
Bowl games. During the Christmas-New Year's Day holiday period, postseason bowl games take the place of a Division I-A championship tournament. Under a bowl format instituted in 1995, the Big Ten and Pacific Ten champions meet in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif., on New Year's Day. For the rest of Division 1-A, the fourth- and sixth-ranked teams in the nation play on New Year's Eve, the number three and five teams on January 1, and the number one and two teams on January 2. These three pairs of teams alternate playing in the Fiesta Bowl in Tempe, Ariz., the Orange Bowl in Miami, Fla., and the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, La. Other popular bowl games include the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Tex.; the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, La.; the Holiday Bowl in San Diego, Calif.; the Florida Citrus Bowl in Orlando; the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Tex.; the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, Fla.; the Liberty Bowl in Memphis, Tenn.; the Aloha Bowl in Honolulu, Hawaii; and the Peach Bowl in Atlanta, Ga.
Professional football. The United States and Canada have professional leagues, and they play similar football games. The American Professional Football Association (APFA) was organized in 1920. After one year it was reorganized, and in 1922 it was renamed the National Football League (NFL). The NFL consists of two conferences, the American and the National, and at the end of each season the winners of the conferences play each other in the Super Bowl to determine the national champion.
Among the competing leagues that failed have been the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), 1946-49; the American Football League (AFL), 1960-69; and the World Football League (WFL), 1974-75. Two AAFC teams joined the NFL in 1950, and the AFL merger with the NFL was completed in 1970. The United States Football League (USFL) was launched in 1983 but was forced to end play after two seasons. The Arena Football League, an indoor spring league with eight-man teams, debuted in 1987. Despite these expensive failures, the NFL contracted for an international league to play in the 1991-93 seasons. At first the World League of American Football (WLAF) had 12 teams in six United States cities and six cities abroad, split into three four-team divisions. By 1992 the number of teams was down to ten.
In the beginning, APFA franchises were doled out widely, and there were 23 teams in the league in 1921. From 1946 until the AAC merger in 1949, the NFL was limited to ten teams. The 1970 merger combined 16 NFL teams with 10 AFL teams for one league with two conferences.
With the addition of two teams for 1976 play, each conference of the NFL had two five-team divisions and one four-team division. Further expansion proposals were considered in the 1980s, with informal approval for a 30-team league in 1993-94. The next step would be a realignment of the league into eight divisions, each with four teams.
Professional football in Canada developed from rugby. The Eastern Conference and the Western Conference, both with four teams, compete for the Grey Cup in the Canadian Football League (CFL), which was formed in 1956.
Playing the Game
United States football is played by 11-man teams on a field 100 yards long and 160 feet wide with lines at 5-yard intervals along the 100-yard axis. An end zone extends 10 yards behind each goal line. A football is oval with a rubber bladder inside what is usually a leather cover. Some footballs have a rubber or plastic cover. A football weighs 14 to 15 ounces and has an air pressure of 121/2 to 131/2 pounds per square inch. It is 107/8 to 117/16 inches long and measures 203/4 to 211/4 inches around the middle.
Equipment. As football games got rougher, the equipment changed. Modern players wear plastic helmets and face masks and pads to protect their shoulders, hips, thighs, knees, and forearms. Special pads and a flak jacket to cushion the ribs are worn for protection against specific injuries, and many players use a mouthpiece. The increased use of fields with artificial surfaces has resulted in a need for different kinds of cleated shoes to provide traction.
The playing uniform consists of a jersey and tight-fitting pants that end just below the knee. The use of numbers, now sewn on the front and back of the jerseys for identification, did not become a general practice until the 1920s. Under present NFL rules, professional quarterbacks and kickers are assigned numbers 1-19; running backs and defensive backs, 20-49; centers and linebackers, 50-59; linemen, 60-79; wide receivers and tight ends, 80-89. Centers may also be assigned numbers up to 79 and defensive linemen and linebackers, 90-99.
Rules. The team that wins a coin toss before the game starts has its choice of kicking off or receiving the ball, or choosing the goal it will attack. The other team makes the choice to begin the second half.
In the kickoff, the ball is placed on a rest called a tee and placekicked to the opposing team. Kickoffs occur on the kicking team's 40-yard line in high school games, the 35-yard line in college play, and the 30-yard line in professional games. The receiving team must be at least 10 yards from the kickoff line, and any player on that team can advance the ball. If the ball is kicked all the way into the end zone, the receiving team--instead of running it out--can alternatively start play on the 20-yard line (a touchback). The kicking team can recover the ball once it has gone at least 10 yards and, in college and high school, as long as the ball has touched a member of the receiving team before it reaches the end zone.
After the kickoff, the team with the ball tries to advance down the field for a score. A player who carries the ball into the end zone or catches a forward pass there scores six points for a touchdown. The defensive team can get into scoring position with a turnover--by intercepting a pass, or by picking up a fumbled ball. The team that scores a touchdown can attempt a conversion--an extra point for placekicking the ball over the crossbar of the goalposts. There is also the option of trying for a conversion by running or passing the ball into the end zone. This scores two points. If a team is stopped short of the goal line, it can score a three-point field goal by placekicking the ball over the crossbar of the goalposts. The defensive team may score when the ballcarrier is downed in his own end zone, loses the ball out of bounds in his end zone, or if his team is penalized for committing a foul in its end zone (a safety, worth two points). The offensive team has four downs, or plays, in which to advance the ball at least 10 yards and thus make another first down. For each first down made, a team gets another series of four downs in which to gain at least 10 more yards. On fourth down or earlier, depending on the strategy, if a team has failed to gain 10 yards, it may choose to punt the ball to the other team or to attempt a field goal. The punter drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. The opposing player who receives the ball cannot be interfered with before he touches it. The punt returner may run back with the ball or may signal for a fair catch, which prevents the opposing team from tackling him and possibly causing a fumble.
Before each play begins, the teams face each other on the line of scrimmage--an imaginary line that runs the width of the field and through the point to which the offensive team has advanced. After the ball is positioned, the center snaps, or passes, it through his legs, usually to the quarterback, who begins the play. The quarterback may run with the ball or decide to hand or pass it to a teammate, who will in turn run with it or pass it. The play ends when the ballcarrier is tackled, is forced out of bounds, or scores. If the play is an incomplete forward pass, the ball is returned to the line of scrimmage.
When a play begins, the offensive team must have at least seven players on the line of scrimmage. Players not on the line must be at least one yard behind it. At the snap of the ball, one player from the offensive backfield may be in motion, but only backward from or parallel to the line of scrimmage.
A game is divided into four 15-minute quarters measured by an official clock. The clock is stopped on incomplete passes, when a runner goes out of bounds, and after a score. In college games, the clock stops after a first down until the officials reset the chains that are used to measure the 10-yard distance. The ball is kicked off after every scoring play except a safety, when the team that has been scored on either placekicks or punts from the 20-yard line.
The officials penalize teams 5, 10, or 15 yards for most types of infractions. The most serious fouls, with 15-yard penalties, are clipping, or blocking from behind; spearing, or butting with the helmet; and roughing the passer, or running into or tackling the passer after the ball has been thrown. Ten-yard penalties are usually for illegally holding an opposing player. Five-yard penalties are for minor infractions, such as delay of game and encroachment, or offside (crossing the line of scrimmage before the ball is snapped). Other penalties include loss of down (for fouls committed by the offensive team) and automatic first down (for fouls committed by the defense).
Strategy. When the rules in professional football were changed to generate more offense, coaches developed alternative defense measures. After defenders were prohibited from bumping pass receivers more than once, for example, teams needed fast defensive backs who could keep up with the speedy receivers, and extra defensive backs to cover them. The normal defensive alignment had called for four defensive backs, but coaches put as many as five or six on the field in obvious passing situations. Many teams began using only three defensive linemen, along with four linebackers--a defense considered strong against running plays, with the linebackers also helping on pass coverage.
However, even teams that used three defensive linemen switched to a four-man line in most passing situations to put added pressure on the opposing quarterback. Teams with fast linebackers also use one or more linebackers to blitz, or charge at, the quarterback in an attempt to tackle him before he throws the ball. This is a surprise tactic because linebackers do not normally cross the line of scrimmage.
The offensive formation, or placement of the players at the line of scrimmage, has also changed. Today it is rare for teams to use the basic T formation, which places three running backs behind the quarterback and generates a strong but unspectacular ground attack. Some coaches now use this formation only when their team has just a few yards to gain, especially near the opponent's goal line. The I formation has two backs in a straight line behind the quarterback; this type of offense usually features a running back and a blocking back. The split-backfield formation, with two backs behind the quarterback, is designed for an offense with two strong runners. Offenses sometimes use just one strong back, a tailback, in the backfield and two tight ends on the line for extra blocking.
On most plays, the quarterback takes the ball directly from the center for a handoff to a running back, or drops back and passes. In numerous passing situations many teams use the shotgun formation: the quarterback stands about five yards behind the center in order to gain time to watch as receivers attempt to break free from pass defenders.
With the increasing sophistication of football, coaches began using various specialists in specific situations. On offense, such players include a second tight end, who may not be a good receiver but is an effective blocker, and a "third-down" running back, who is most productive as a receiver. On defense, specialists include the designated pass rusher, who comes in when the offense is likely to pass. Some players perform on special teams and rarely appear on offense or defense. They play in kicking situations, either blocking when their team returns a kick or running down the opposition's kick returner.
Canadian football. Canadian professional football has become less like rugby and more and more like United States football as a result of competition between the two countries that effected rule changes. There are some basic differences, however: in Canada 12-man teams play on a field that is 110 yards long and 65 yards wide, with end zones 20 yards deep. The 12th player is used in the backfield on offense and as a linebacker or pass defender on defense. A team is only allowed three downs in which to advance the ball 10 yards. In addition, a punt or a kickoff that enters the end zone must be advanced beyond the goal line by the receiving team or one point (a single) is awarded to the kicking team. Offensive and defensive formations are similar, but they are designed to emphasize the passing game more. (source: micro)
HISTORY OF FOOTBALL
Many football historians place the origin of football in rugby, which began entirely by chance in 1823 at the famous Rugby boys' school in England (see Rugby). But at the time American students at Princeton University were already playing a game they called "ballown," in which they used their fists, and later their feet, to advance the ball. The freshman and sophomore classes at Harvard competed in a type of football game on the first Monday of each school year--called Bloody Monday because the game was so rough. Organized football began earlier in high schools than in colleges, with games on the Boston Common starting in about 1860. A 17-year-old student organized the Oneida Football Club of Boston, which played between 1862 and 1865.
Colleges began to organize football games after the American Civil War ended in 1865. The so-called Princeton rules were established in 1867, with 25 players on each team. The first football was patented that year. Rutgers College also established football rules in 1867, and its location a short distance from Princeton led the two schools into what has been called the first intercollegiate football game. It was played on Nov. 6, 1869, at Rutgers, but the game was actually more like soccer (see Soccer). Rutgers won that historic game, 6 goals to 4. For the next few years some colleges continued to play the soccer-type game.
In 1871 Harvard students began playing the so-called "Boston Game," which included elements of rugby (the player could pick up the ball and, if pursued, run with it) and soccer (kicking a round ball was still essential). Two years later representatives of Columbia, Princeton, Rutgers, and Yale met in New York City to formulate the first intercollegiate football rules for the soccer-style game. (Harvard chose not to attend because its playing rules were different.)
Next McGill University of Montreal challenged Harvard to a series of games. The schools played two games at Harvard in the spring of 1874--the first with Harvard rules, and the second with Canadian rugby rules, using the egg-shaped ball. After the McGill games Harvard challenged Yale to a football game that was played under mixed soccer and rugby rules in November 1875. In 1876 Yale, Princeton, Harvard, and Columbia established the Intercollegiate Football Association, which set the size of the field at 140 by 70 yards and the number of players on a team at 15.
The evolution from the rugby-style game to what became the modern game of American football began under the direction of Walter Camp, the Yale coach who is known as the Father of American Football. Yale had not officially joined the association until 1879 because it was holding out for 11-man teams. Led by Camp, the rules committee soon cut the number of players per side from 15 to 11. The committee also cut the size of the field to 110 by 53 yards. In addition, Camp instituted a type of scrimmage in which a player snapped the ball back by kicking it to the quarterback. In 1882 Camp also introduced the system of downs. (At first, a team had three downs to advance the ball 5 yards or give up possession; the number of yards was changed to 10 in 1906, and the fourth down was added in 1912.) Tackling below the waist was legalized in 1888. Professional football began in 1895, in Latrobe, Pa., after the Intercollegiate Football Association was disbanded in a shambles.
Within a decade concern about the increasing brutality of the game led some colleges to ban football. Mass plays, involving such formations as the flying wedge, had seriously injured nearly 180 players, including 18 who were killed. In 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt called on Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to help save the sport. Representatives of 13 Eastern schools met at year-end and agreed on reforms. At a second meeting, attended by more than 60 schools, the group appointed a seven-member Football Rules Committee and set up the Intercollegiate Athletic Association, which five years later became the NCAA.
The new rules makers revolutionized football by legalizing the forward pass, which resulted in a more open style of play. They also prohibited all the rough mass plays, and teammates were prohibited from locking arms to clear a path for their ballcarrier. To further minimize mayhem, they reduced the length of the game from 70 to 60 minutes and established the neutral zone, which separates the teams by the length of the ball before each play begins.
Coaches Who Shaped the Game
The evolution of football, in the style of play and the scope of fan worship, was realized mainly through the talents of several generations of innovative coaches. After Camp, one of the earliest trendsetters was Amos Alonzo Stagg, who coached at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932. Stagg originated many techniques, including the shifts of linemen and backs from one side to the other. His ends-back formation was considered the first of the mass plays.
Glenn S. (Pop) Warner had a 44-year coaching career that began at the University of Georgia in 1895. He introduced single- and double-wing systems of offense. The legendary Jim Thorpe played under Warner at Pennsylvania's Carlisle Indian Industrial School (see Thorpe, Jim).
Perhaps the most inspirational coach in collegiate history was Notre Dame's Knute Rockne, who was famed for his rousing halftime speeches. His teams of 1919, 1920, 1924, 1929, and 1930 won every game they played. The famous backfield of the 1924 team (Harry Stuhldreher, Jim Crowley, Elmer Layden, and Don Miller) was nicknamed the Four Horsemen by sports columnist Grantland Rice. Other coaches copied Rockne's style with the forward pass and the shift. (See also Rockne, Knute.)
Bob Zuppke was known for the strong running attack of the University of Illinois teams that he built around the outstanding halfback Red Grange (the Galloping Ghost). The first player to be nationally lionized, Grange also boosted professional football in the late 1920s when he played with the Chicago Bears. (See also Grange, Red.)
Although many colleges were forced to abandon their football programs during World War II, the game continued to grow with the innovations of several top-notch coaches of the 1940s. Frank Leahy, who switched the Notre Dame offense from the Rockne system to the T formation, often shocked the opposition by calling for a forward pass on his team's first offensive play. Earl (Red) Blaik's Army teams of 1944, 1945, and 1946, which were undefeated, featured halfback Glenn Davis and fullback Felix (Doc) Blanchard. Blanchard (best known as Mr. Inside) won the Heisman trophy as the outstanding college football player of 1945, and Davis (Mr. Outside) received the award in 1946. In 17 years at Oklahoma (1947-63) Charles (Bud) Wilkinson had four undefeated teams and six teams that lost only one game.
The hard-nosed, hot-tempered coach of Ohio State for 28 seasons (1951-78), Woody Hayes led his teams to 13 Big Ten championships and eight Rose Bowls (with four wins), and he developed 58 All-American players. Other champion coaches of the 1960s and 1970s were Ara Parseghian of Notre Dame, John McKay of Southern California, and Paul (Bear) Bryant of Alabama, who won more games than any other college coach. Also notable in the 1970s were Barry Switzer of Oklahoma and Darrell Royal of Texas. After 21 years as Michigan's revered coach, Bo Schembechler resigned in 1989; like Hayes, he won 13 Big Ten championships. Top college coaches of the 1980s and 1990s included Bobby Bowden of Florida State, Tom Osborne of Nebraska, and Joe Paterno of Penn State.
Two of the founding fathers of professional football were Earl (Curly) Lambeau of the Green Bay Packers and George (Papa Bear) Halas of the Chicago Bears. Lambeau's 29 consecutive years as a coach with Green Bay (he resigned after winning six NFL titles) remained a professional record into the 1990s. The owner-coach of the Bears from 1920, Halas was the first to use films of opponents as a tool. In the early 1960s he modeled the modern tight end's role as a pass receiver to fit Mike Ditka, whom he later chose to be head coach of the Bears.
Paul Brown, who coached the Cleveland Browns to three NFL titles, was the first to scout opposing teams. Sid Gillman of the Los Angeles Rams was credited with developing the high-powered passing offenses that helped popularize pro football. Vince Lombardi, known for his motivational success and discipline, reaffirmed the stature of the Green Bay Packers with five NFL championships and victories in the first two Super Bowls (1966, 1967) (see Lombardi, Vince).
Chuck Noll coached the Pittsburgh Steelers to four
Super Bowl titles in the 1970s. The most successful coach of the 1980s was Bill Walsh, who left the San Francisco 49ers after gaining three Super Bowl victories. Don Shula, the winningest coach in NFL history with more than 300 victories, led the Miami Dolphins to an undefeated season in 1972 and six Super Bowls, winning two. Top coaches of the 1990s included George Seifert of the 49ers, Jimmy Johnson of the Dallas Cowboys, and Marv Levy of the Buffalo Bills.
Football as a Business
Football players were once called "Saturday's heroes" by the students and alumni who cheered their school teams and supported traditional rivalries. Professional football offered heroes for Sunday afternoons, too. Then regional teams became America's teams as television packaged the sport for mass consumption. Game day was transformed into a long weekend that, by 1970, extended into Monday night with the introduction of televised Monday Night Football. With cable television, more than a dozen high school and college games might be available for viewing on Friday and Saturday, followed by half a dozen professional games on Sunday and on Monday night. By the 1990s five networks controlled the major pieces of the football action.
Thanks to television's enormous investments, football has grown into one of the most lucrative industries in the United States. Early television relied on various sports to fill programming blocks, but the enduring Monday Night Football was the first prime-time telecast of any game. Until television showcased football, the number of fans had been somewhat limited by the game's short season and the accessibility of cramped stadiums. Gradually, the supply of games created millions of new fans who did not have to travel to the bigger arenas that television helped build. The supply generated the demand for an even greater supply--of teams and superstars and viewing hours. And, gradually, the added elements of national sponsorship and all-seeing cameras were reshaping the game.
The commercials that pay the bills, for example, have directly governed the time-outs, halftime, and, ultimately, the length of the game. (The 60 minutes on the game clock are tripled in viewing time.) The television cameras, in effect, constantly audition new faces for work in films, sportscasting, or commercials. Among those chosen have been former players Jim Brown, Alex Karras, O.J. Simpson, Dick Butkus, and Joe Namath. The medium has brought celebrity to a novelty such as William (Refrigerator) Perry as well as enduring talents such as Walter Payton and Joe Montana. (See also Namath, Joe; Payton, Walter.)
Television-generated NFL income jumped from 350,000 dollars per team in 1961 to 14 million dollars per team in 1982. This precipitated a 57-day strike by NFL players, who wanted a larger share of the guarantees. When they struck again in 1987, management used some nonunion players for three weeks of the schedule--a ploy that eventually cost the owners 60 million dollars in reimbursements to the networks. In 1993, the league signed a five-network, four-year (1994-97) television contract totaling 4.4 billion dollars, a 20 percent increase in revenue from the previous four-year deal.
Although television foots the bills, the competition among the networks for coverage inflates the value of the football franchises. When the NFL was formed in 1920, the original 11 franchises cost 100 dollars each. By 1960, when the Dallas Cowboys were founded, each franchise was worth about 2 million dollars. The Dallas franchise was sold for about 72 million dollars in 1984, was resold for an estimated 140 million in 1989, and was valued at more than 190 million dollars in 1994. The worth of NFL franchises continued to skyrocket in the 1990s, evidenced by the 1994 sale of the Philadelphia Eagles for more than 185 million dollars and the 170-million-dollar price paid for the New England Patriots. In 1993, the NFL agreed to sell expansion teams to Charlotte, N.C., and Jacksonville, Fla., for 140 million dollars apiece, increasing the league's size to 30 teams.
A seven-year labor contract agreed upon by NFL owners and players in 1993 instituted unrestricted free agency for players with more than five years experience and capped player salaries at a percentage of league revenues. In its first year of use, free agency brought about a 51 percent increase in the average player salary, as teams paid top dollar for the services of star players. By the 1994 season the per-team annual payout had soared to 34.6 million dollars, with player salaries consuming more than 65 percent of league revenues.
Some Major Figures in Football
Some prominent persons are not included below because they are covered in the main text of this article or in other articles in Compton's Encyclopedia.
Brown, Jim (born 1936). Probably the greatest rushing back in pro football. His NFL career record for most yards gained rushing--12,312--was broken by Walter Payton in 1984. Made 126 touchdowns. Born on St. Simons Island, Ga., on Feb. 17, 1936. Attended Syracuse University. Played with the Cleveland Browns 1957-65. Became film actor after retirement ('The Dirty Dozen'). Elected to Hall of Fame in 1971. Bryant, Paul W. (Bear) (1913-83). From 1958 to 1982 coached the University of Alabama to 24 bowl games and six national championships. Born in Kingsland, Ark., on Sept. 11, 1913. Attended University of Alabama. Assistant coach there and at Vanderbilt. Coached at University of Maryland 1945-46, University of Kentucky (1946-53), and Texas A M (1954-58). Retired after the 1982 season. Died in Tuscaloosa, Ala., on Jan. 26, 1983. Camp, Walter (1859-1925). The Father of American Football, best known for developing game distinct from rugby. Selected earliest All-America teams in college football. Born in New Britain, Conn., on April 7, 1859. Played football at Yale 1876-81. Coached 1888-92. His innovations include the 11-man team, quarterback position, scrimmage line, offensive signal calling, and giving up the ball after a stipulated number of downs. His teams won 67 games and lost two. Died in New York City on March 14, 1925. Crisler, Fritz (1899-1982). Father of the two-platoon system in college ball. Used the single-wing formation to great effect. Born Herbert Orin Crisler in Earlsville, Ill., on Jan. 12, 1899. Attended University of Chicago and was assistant coach under Amos A. Stagg there, 1922-29. Also coached at Minnesota and Princeton before going to the University of Michigan 1938-48. His teams won 116 games, lost 32, and tied nine. Became athletic director at Michigan in 1948. Retired in 1968. Died in Ann Arbor, Mich., on Aug. 19, 1982. Gipp, George (1895-1920). The first All-America selection from Notre Dame, the Gipper was coached by Knute Rockne. Born in Laurium, Mich., on Feb. 18, 1895. Scored 83 touchdowns from 1917 to 1920. He caught pneumonia after the 1920 Northwestern game and died on Dec. 14, two weeks later. Halas, George (Papa Bear) (1895-1983). Considered the father of professional football. In the 1920s he revived the T formation and added to it the man in motion. Born in Chicago on Feb. 2, 1895. Attended the University of Illinois. Organized the Chicago Bears in 1920 and helped found the NFL the same year. His Bears teams of the early 1940s are considered among the greatest in football history. Coached the Bears intermittently until 1967. Elected to Hall of Fame in 1963. Died in Chicago on Oct. 31, 1983. Heffelfinger, Pudge (1867-1954). Named to the first All-America team in 1889. He was an active player for 50 years, longer than any other player. Born William Walter Heffelfinger in Minneapolis on Dec. 20, 1867. Played at Yale 1888-91 under coach Walter Camp. The first guard to run interference for the ballcarrier. Died in Blessing, Tex., April 3, 1954. Heisman, John W. (1869-1936). The man after whom the Heisman Trophy, awarded to the most valuable college football player of the year, is named. One of the great innovators of the game in his day. Born in Cleveland on Oct. 23, 1869. Played for Brown University 1887-89 and the University of Pennsylvania 1890-91. Coached at Georgia Tech 1904-19. Overall record of 185 games won, 68 lost, and 18 tied. Attained legalization of the forward pass in 1906. Invented the center snap and other maneuvers. Died in New York City on Oct. 3, 1936. Simpson, O.J. (born 1947). An outstanding running back, he led the NFL in rushing in four seasons (1972-73, 1975-76). Set a league record gaining 2,003 yards in 1973. Born Orenthal James Simpson in San Francisco on July 9, 1947. Attended the University of Southern California. Won the Heisman Trophy in 1968. Played for the Buffalo Bills 1969-78 and San Francisco 49ers 1978-79. Successful broadcaster. Elected to the Hall of

Fame in 1985. Stagg, Amos Alonzo (1862-1965). Had the longest coaching career in the history of the sport--71 years. He was still coaching at age 98. The only person elected to Hall of Fame both as a player and a coach. Born in West Orange, N.J., on Aug. 16, 1862. As an end for Yale, chosen for the first All-America football team (1889). Coached 1892-1932 at University of Chicago. Devised the huddle and the shift. Coached at College (now University) of the Pacific 1933-46. Also coached at Susquehanna University and Stockton Junior College. Died in Stockton, Calif., on March 17, 1965. Unitas, John (born 1933). One of the best 20th-century quarterbacks. During his career he gained over 40,000 yards passing and recorded a lifetime pass-completion average of over 55 percent. Born in Pittsburgh on May 7, 1933. With Baltimore Colts played in national championship games in 1958, 1959, 1968, and 1970. In 1966 he broke records for most touchdown passes and most yards gained in a season. Retired in 1972. Elected to Hall of Fame in 1979. Warner, Pop (1871-1954). Perfected the single-wing system of offense and developed the double wing and the unbalanced line. As coach at Pennsylvania's Carlisle Indian Industrial School, he coached Jim Thorpe, one of the game's greatest players. Born Glenn Scobey Warner in Springville, N.Y., on April 5, 1871. Attended Cornell University. Coached at the University of Georgia 1895-96, Cornell 1897-98 and 1904-06, Carlisle 1899-1903 and 1907-14, and various other schools 1915-38. Died in Palo Alto, Calif., on Sept. 7, 1954.
This article was contributed by Howard Balzer, Professional football editor for The Sporting News and winner of a St. Louis Emmy award for television commentaries.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR FOOTBALL
Garber, Greg. Football Legends (Friedman, 1994). Hamilton, Jacklyn, and Hamilton, Alfred. ABCs of Football (J A, 1992). Higgs, Ben. Sidelines--Behind the Scenes of America's Favorite Sport (Cadmus, 1992). Neft, David, and others. The Football Encyclopedia: The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present (St. Martin's, 1994). Nelson, David. The Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game (Univ. of Del. Press, 1994). Official NFL Record and Fact Book (Workman, annual). Ours, Robert. College Football Encyclopedia: The Authoritative Guide to 124 Years of College Football (Prima, 1993). Sporting News Staff. Football Facts, Feats, and Firsts (Galahad, 1994).

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New York, NY (My Sportsbook) - Columbus Crew midfielder Guillermo Barros Schelotto was voted as Major League Soccer's Player of the Week for Week 3 of the 2008 season, it was announced on Monday. The Argentine veteran scored a goal and tallied two assists as the Crew topped Chivas USA, 4-3, on Saturday night at Crew Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. The Crew attack combined to set up the first goal in the 25th minute. Robbie Rogers sent a cross in from the wing for Alejandro Moreno who was taken down by Chivas defender Jim Curtin in the penalty area. Schelotto stepped up and struck the ball down the middle beating Brad Guzan as he dove to his right. "Obviously, I just wanted to make sure that I scored instead of trying to get cute with it and go either way," Schelotto said. "I just tried to strike it hard and the goalkeeper went the wrong way." In the 35th minute, after Chivas USA had equalized, Moreno played a ball on to a streaking Schelotto. As the defenders closed in, Schelotto cut the ball inside at the top of the box and laid it off for Moreno who finished low to the near post. "It's great fun when he's up for the game, and he knows that," Moreno said of combining with Schelotto. "We depend a lot on what he does and when's going from the get-go, it makes things a lot easier for all of us because he can find the passes that not many people in this league can find." The Crew struck again after halftime when Schelotto threaded a ball through the Goats defense to Rogers, who touched it inside and slipped it past Guzan to put Columbus up 3-1. "It's something I look for, to find Robbie in behind the defenders, making those runs and the important thing is that he was calm, and he put the ball into the back of the net," Schelotto said. "We're happy about the victory and, beyond whatever I did individually, I'm just happy the team got three points (Saturday night)." Chivas USA would strike twice to equalize, but the Crew pressed on and Rogers struck a shot from just outside the penalty area, through the hands of Guzan for the game winner. The Crew (2-1-0) are back in action on Thursday when they travel to face D.C. United at RFK Stadium. Below is the list of the 2008 MLS Player of the Week winners to date: Week 1: Terry Cooke (Colorado Rapids). Week 2: David Beckham (Los Angeles Galaxy). Week 3: Guillermo Barros Schelotto (Columbus Crew).

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Our aim is to provide complete, accurate, and timely commentary on the Peltier case. Authors agree, therefore, that Friends of Peltier will make revisions we deem necessary prior to publicationin particular to ensure accuracy. Submissions also are subject to a copyedit to ensure overall quality, i.e., to correct errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

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An unresponsive Hamilton Tiger-Cats linebacker Jamacia Jackson was discovered at a Sumter, S.C., home Monday morning.
Jackson, 26, was later pronounced dead at a local hospital. An autopsy to determine cause of death is scheduled for today.
"To the best of our knowledge, he was found dead in bed at 5 a.m.,'' Sumter High School athletics director Donna Bisom told The State, a Columbia, S.C., newspaper. Bisom said Jackson had been lifting weights at Sumter High in anticipation of returning to the Ticats for the 2008 Canadian FootballLeague season.
Jackson joined the Ticats in 2007, where he played 12 games. He returned two kickoffs for 22 yards and made six defensive tackles and seven special teams tackles.
"Jamacia was a beloved player, teammate and friend," Ticats head coach Charlie Taaffe said in a statement. "He will be truly missed by our entire team. Our sincere condolences are with Jamacia's family and friends."
"Jamacia was a respected and talented member of our team who worked as hard in our community as he did on the field," added Ticats president Scott Mitchell. "Our thoughts and prayers are with Jamacia's family."
His father, James Jackson, and stepmother Cleo were shocked to find their son had died. James told WLTX-TV in Columbia that Jamacia had been in perfect health.
Jackson played with the University of South Carolina Gamecocks from 2001-04, suiting up for 43 games. He tried to hook on with the National FootballLeague's Tennessee Titans as a free agent following his college career, but was waived during training camp.
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Well Darlings,
In the age of the Emperors new clothes the child has finally spoken up. From out of the thronging masses of people, all eager not to look stupid in front of their neighbours, the words we needed to hear have at last rung out: But he has nothing on!
Its time now that we all accepted the truth, the real truth and not that of some people with misplaced vocations who would have been better employed selling used cars or vacuum cleaners, and that truth is that we are doing no good in Iraq - we are only making matters worse. We should leave.
Like a breath of fresh air rushing into a stuffy room, General Sir Richard Dannatt, the head of the British army, has called for our troops to be withdrawn from Iraq - and soon! As I write this I am hearing the expected response of words taken out of context from Tony Blair and the infamous Downing Street spokesmen, but they count for little - the words that matter are abounding on the unofficial military internet forums. The forums have been inundated with praise for Sir Richard and his words from serving military personnel - with the words taken in any context you care to name - because they hold the truth, they tell the truth, and they pass the test. They have been widely welcomed by his troops, by opposition MPs, and (as to be expected) by anti-war groups. And Im betting by the world at large, too!
One of the most senior officers in Iraq when we invaded in 2003 was Colonel Tim Collins. Speaking to the Today programme, he said that Sir Richard had given a refreshing and very honest insight into what the Army generally feel. That is that the political shortcomings and the shortcomings in the planning for the occupation of Iraq have made the job of the Army very much more difficult. And there comes a time when the realisation on the ground is that the people of Iraq do resent foreign intervention and there comes a time when we have got to look forward to when we can hand it over to the Iraqis for them to sort out.
Colonel Tim Collins went on to say: I think we have to salute the honesty of the Chief of General Staff and understand that he is reflecting the beliefs of the Army, the people on the ground. He is not a politician and he is not given to spin, so what you hear from him is absolutely ground truth.
Hear! Hear! The absolute ground truth at last, and from people who have nothing to gain - perhaps something to lose - but who better than any politician know the real truth - they have to live with it. Its time the nation now listened to the truth as it is, rather than the truth as spun to us by some to gain political advantage.
The word is spreading fast: the Emperor has no clothes on; the garments supposedly hiding the truth from us dont really exist; the cover-up is over - Tony stands naked in front of us all, and the stories he has told of how much good we were doing occupying anothers country are shown to be pure fabrication.
We need to remember that over 600,000 civilians have died violently in Iraq since the invasion in 2003 - figures released by a team of American and Iraqi public health researchers - and that the rate of violence, along with the deaths, continues to escalate. It is inhumane for us to stay there. Our very presence may be promoting the killings by the three main factions making up the country, but the horrifying truth is that 70% of all those civilian deaths to date can be traced to being directly attributable to the occupying troops.
It is time to realise that we are living through one of the most shameful times for our country in living history. From the very beginning, the time of the famous sexed up dossier, along with the alleged suicide of David Kelly, and all the deceit of how we were allowed to believe our shores were actually being threatened, and through the knowing by Tony Blair above all others that Iraq definitely had weapons of mass destruction, even after no proof was found, the whole saga stinks. It is a disgrace to this country. Its time to wash our hands of this war, to allow others to clear up our mess, and for this country to start demanding the truth from our government, and all our authorities.
Since Tony Blair came to power with his style of government it seems to have become fashionable for the truth to be hidden. The real story doesnt matter any more. Its what you can make from it that matters - what you can spin. It has become sort of acceptable, and now it happens everywhere: from government, through big business and the utilities, right down to our local authorities. When found out, faced with the exposure of knowingly deceiving us, no longer do people slink away and leave office ashamed - they merely smile sweetly, and carry on collecting their salaries.
The stupidity of this whole situation is that all along we sort of know we are being lied to, we sense it, yet we too smile sweetly and allow it to happen. What we need are a lot more people like General Sir Richard Dannatt. If ever a country needed a breath of fresh air, it is ours. Theres another one too, a bigger country across a pond. That could do with more than a breeze.
Before I go I shall give you an instance of these fashionable hidden truths. By now we must all have heard of the chips that are being added to the wheelie bins provided for refuse by some councils. These electronic bin tags are about the size of a penny. They are normally placed under the lip of the bin, and can be scanned as the bin is tipped into the refuse collection vehicle. Electronic weighing equipment has been installed on some of these refuse carts which is able to collect, and link to the council, information on the amount (or perhaps more accurately: the weight) of rubbish collected from each owner.
Residents are not happy with this spying on them, and many have ignored the councils warnings that they could be charged with criminal damage should they remove the tags. Despite this, some have posted theirs back to the council offices.
We know all this as fact - but heres the crunch: the director of community and environmental services for one local authority claims the chips simply contain an identity number that identifies which wheelie bin belongs to which house.
Now you might at first find that statement somewhat reassuring. Perhaps by now you are even thinking the implants are solely for the purpose of stopping the bin being lost or stolen. How wrong you would be!
The smiling face that tells you it is only to identify who owns the bin, still smiling sweetly omits to tell you: so that they know who to charge and just how much when this policy is, as it will be, adopted.
Think about it! Were this not to be the case, then what is wrong with a simple house number being stencilled or branded on the bin? Why the expense of a microchip - one that has to be programmed with your details? Do we put microchips on our front doors so that people can find us? No, we dont. We use numbers or names - they are far more sensible and a damn site cheaper!
Deceiving the public, usually done - but not always - without actually having to tell a lie, has become an art. Beware the sweet and innocent-looking smile - its likely to be coming at some considerable expense. To you!
See you next week . . .
The Bitch! 13/10/06.

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